Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the review (N = 45)

Publication Year

 2005–2010

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[13, 14]

 2011–2014

19 (42.22; 27.65–57.84)

[15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]

 2015–2019

24 (53.33; 37.87–68.33)

[34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57]

Location

 Dhaka

13 (28.88; 16.36–44.31)

[13, 14, 20, 22,23,24, 30,31,32, 34, 36,37,38]

 Chittagong

6 (13.33; 5.05–26.79)

[15, 21, 39,40,41,42]

 Rajshahi

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[17, 43]

 Mymensingh

10 (22.22; 11.20-37.08)

[19, 26, 28, 35, 44,45,46,47, 55, 56]

 Dinajpur

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[27, 48]

 Savar

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[18, 33]

 Kustia

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[49]

 Dhaka + Mymensingh

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[50]

 Chittagong + Rajshahi

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[51]

 Rajshahi + Hakaluki

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[52]

 Gazipur + Savar

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[16]

 Gazipur + Cox’s bazar

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[53]

 Cox’s bazar + Kuakata

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[29]

 Chittagong + Cox’s bazar + Rangamati

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[25]

 Mymensingh + Gazipur + Sherpur

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[54]

 Jamalpur + Tangail + Netrokona + Kishorganj

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[57]

Type of sampling source

 Live bird market

6 (13.33; 5.05–26.79)

[13, 28, 34, 39, 54, 57]

 Fish market

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[47, 56]

 Egg market

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[14, 21, 22]

 Dairy farms

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[35, 44, 55]

 Poultry farms

4 (8.88; 2.47–21.22)

[16, 18, 19, 33]

 Scavenging/ Household farm/ Backyard/Wild birds

6 (13.33; 5.05–26.79)

[17, 25,26,27, 45, 48]

 Water/ River/ Household water

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[32, 43, 52]

 Street food + Ready to eat food + Street food vendor/ Supershop/ Restaurant

8 (17.77; 8.05–32.05)

[20, 23, 24, 36, 37, 40, 42, 49]

 Veterinary hospital/ Medical/ Slaughter house and or effluents/dustbins

7 (15.55; 6.49–29.45)

[15, 30, 31, 38, 46, 50, 51]

 Wild life

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[29, 41, 53]

Sample Category

 Chicken

10 (22.22; 11.20-37.08)

[13, 16,17,18,19, 33, 34, 39, 54, 57]

 Food

5 (11.11; 3.70-24.05)

[20, 36, 37, 40, 56]

 Egg

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[14, 21, 22]

 Milk

5 (11.11; 3.70-24.05)

[23, 24, 35, 44, 55]

 House crows

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[41, 51]

 Pigeon + Duck + Quail

6 (13.33; 5.05–26.79)

[25,26,27,28, 45, 48]

 Brown headed gulls

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[29]

 Open bill stork

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[52]

 Wild ducks

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[17]

 Dog + Cat + Cattle

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[38, 50]

 Deer

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[53]

 House flies

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[46, 47]

 Cockroach

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[42]

 Household water/ effluents/ water

5 (11.11; 3.70-24.05)

[15, 30,31,32, 43]

 Currency

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[49]

Pathogen isolated

 E. coli

16 (35.55; 21.86–51.21)

[13, 16, 17, 25, 26, 29,30,31,32, 39, 43, 46, 49, 51,52,53]

 Salmonella

13 (28.88; 16.36–44.31)

[14, 18, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28, 40, 41, 45, 47, 48, 56]

 Enterobacter

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[33]

 Staphylococcus

5 (11.11; 3.70-24.05)

[15, 38, 42, 50, 55]

 E. coli + Salmonella

3 (6.66; 1.39–18.66)

[35, 37, 54]

 E. coil + Staphylococcus

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[44]

 E. coli + Salmonella + Staphylococcus

2 (4.44; 0.05–15.14)

[34, 36]

 E. coli + Salmonella + Staphylococcus + Vibrio

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[23]

 E. coli + Salmonella + Campylobacter

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[57]

 E. coil + Staphylococcus + Klebsiella

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[24]

 Staphylococcus + Alcalegene + Klebsiella + Enterococcus + Actinobacillus + Proteus

1 (2.22; 0.05–11.77)

[20]

Sample category  (N = 48)

 Domestic

6 (12.5; 4.72–25.26)

 Food

15 (31.3; 18.65–46.25)

 Environment

14 (29.2; 16.95–44.06)

 Wildlife

7 (15.6; 6.07–27.76)

 Insects

6 (12.5; 4.72–25.26)