Isolation of Arcobacter species and other neglected opportunistic agents from aborted bovine and caprine fetuses

Table 3 Diagnostic protocol applied on the considered aborted fetuses

Pathogen	Matrix	Test and references	Animal species
Bovine herpesvirus 1	Lung	FAT^a, PCR [41]	Cattle
Bovine herpesvirus 4	Lung	FAT^a	Cattle
Pestiviruses	Spleen	ELISA^b, PCR [42]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Brucella spp.	Content of abomasum Pool of organs	Bacteriological [43]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Campylobacter fetus	Content of abomasum Liver	Bacteriological [44], PCR [41]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Chlamydophila abortus	Liver	PCR [41]	Small Ruminants
Coxiella burnetii	CNS, Liver, Kidney, Lung	PCR [41]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Fungi and yeasts	Content of abomasum	Bacteriological [45]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Listeria spp.	Content of abomasum	Bacteriological [46]	Cattle; Small Ruminants
Neospora caninum	CNS, Liver, Kidney, Lung	PCR [41]	Cattle
Parainfluenza virus type 3	Lung	FAT^a	Cattle
Salmonella sp.	Liver	Bacteriological [47]	Cattle; Small Ruminants

Diagnostic protocol currently applied on the considered aborted fetuses in the IZSPLV laboratory with indication, for each pathogen, of the considered matrix and test used for its isolation and or detection and the considered animal species. CNS: central nervous system; ^aFAT: fluorescence antibody testing; internal method with polyclonal antiserum conjugated to fluorescein isothiocyanate (Veterinary Medical Research & Development, Pullman, WA, USA). ^bIDEXX BVDV Ag/Serum Plus, Switzerland

ISSN: 1746-6148