Fig. 2

ATRA over-activates TGFβ1/Smad3 pathway in bovine adipocytes. a qRT-PCR results showing the relative mRNA levels of key molecules of the TGFβ1/Smad3 signaling pathway (TGFBR1, TGFBR2 and Smad3). b Representative western blot and its quantification showing key molecules of the TGFβ1/Smad3 signaling pathway in dairy cow adipocytes. c Activation of the TGF-β canonical pathway was determined by nuclear localization of p-Smad3. Bovine adipocytes were stained for p-Smad3 and nuclei were stained with DAPI. Immunofluorescence was detected using Olympus Fluoview FV1200 Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. Scale bar = 60 μm. For all, data were presented as mean ± SEM. The same letter indicates no significant difference (p > 0.05), whereas different letters indicate a significant difference (p < 0.05)