Safety and efficacy of aged garlic extract in dogs: upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes

Yamato, Osamu; Tsuneyoshi, Tadamitsu; Ushijima, Mitsuyasu; Jikihara, Hiroshi; Yabuki, Akira

doi:10.1186/s12917-018-1699-2

Table 2 Changes in serum biochemical parameters in dogs fed aged garlic extract (45 mg/kg or 90 mg/kg body weight once a day) for 12 weeks

From: Safety and efficacy of aged garlic extract in dogs: upregulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway and Nrf2-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes

Parameters	Dose (mg/kg)	Week 0	Week 1	Week 4	Week 8	Week 12
LDH	0 (Control)	49.2 ± 6.7	41.2 ± 0.5	73.8 ± 14.2	102.0 ± 39.0	72.0 ± 24.9
(U/l)	45	44.8 ± 5.7	44.2 ± 14.8	45.4 ± 11.4*	42.7 ± 8.5*	54.0 ± 14.4
	90	45.2 ± 9.3	32.2 ± 4.9	38.0 ± 2.4*	36.0 ± 8.7*	40.0 ± 10.4
ALT	0 (Control)	37.9 ± 5.7	39.2 ± 7.8	35.2 ± 4.9	35.0 ± 2.0	32.7 ± 4.7
(U/l)	45	47.8 ± 6.4	52.5 ± 20.6	43.9 ± 11.5	41.3 ± 10.2	34.7 ± 14.0
	90	35.6 ± 2.8	39.1 ± 8.9	32.3 ± 4.1	29.7 ± 5.1	35.3 ± 6.0
AST	0 (Control)	34.6 ± 9.3	31.1 ± 8.9	36.0 ± 13.1	38.0 ± 12.5	33.7 ± 13.2
(U/l)	45	33.4 ± 3.8	29.8 ± 4.4	33.7 ± 5.0	30.7 ± 5.5	30.3 ± 3.8
	90	33.2 ± 2.6	28.6 ± 1.2	29.6 ± 2.7	29.3 ± 0.6	28.3 ± 2.1
ALP	0 (Control)	108 ± 32	104 ± 34	97 ± 28	90 ± 21	84 ± 20
(U/l)	45	200 ± 56	198 ± 54	182 ± 45	164 ± 39	179 ± 43*
	90	141 ± 61	126 ± 53	150 ± 75	142 ± 78	121 ± 42
CK	0 (Control)	124 ± 17	110 ± 26	136 ± 25	162 ± 39	127 ± 28
(U/l)	45	113 ± 19	100 ± 14	112 ± 20	95 ± 26	111 ± 24
	90	125 ± 30	104 ± 36	104 ± 26	104 ± 20	100 ± 16
TP	0 (Control)	5.89 ± 0.43	6.13 ± 0.31	6.53 ± 0.19	6.04 ± 0.47	6.20 ± 0.58
(g/dl)	45	5.85 ± 0.14	5.94 ± 0.16	6.30 ± 0.40	5.86 ± 0.22	6.19 ± 0.18
	90	6.06 ± 0.60	6.31 ± 0.61	6.85 ± 0.50	6.29 ± 0.29	6.41 ± 0.40
Alb	0 (Control)	2.68 ± 0.27	2.67 ± 0.30	2.61 ± 0.24	2.45 ± 0.17	2.50 ± 0.18
(g/dl)	45	2.60 ± 0.22	2.52 ± 0.24	2.55 ± 0.20	2.41 ± 0.19	2.42 ± 0.28
	90	2.69 ± 0.17	2.61 ± 0.17	2.57 ± 0.18	2.34 ± 0.01	2.39 ± 0.06
Glb	0 (Control)	3.21 ± 0.27	3.47 ± 0.19	3.92 ± 0.07	3.59 ± 0.32	3.70 ± 0.42
(g/dl)	45	3.24 ± 0.09	3.42 ± 0.15	3.75 ± 0.55	3.45 ± 0.35	3.77 ± 0.46
	90	3.37 ± 0.44	3.69 ± 0.47	4.28 ± 0.35	3.95 ± 0.30	4.02 ± 0.45
Glu	0 (Control)	98.0 ± 2.3	100.2 ± 1.8	94.5 ± 2.4	91.0 ± 10.8	87.7 ± 6.8
(mg/dl)	45	110.2 ± 2.4	106.2 ± 7.2	103.7 ± 5.8	97.0 ± 6.2	96.3 ± 2.5
	90	103.9 ± 11.2	97.5 ± 7.1	93.1 ± 3.3	90.7 ± 2.5	91.3 ± 6.7
TG	0 (Control)	30.6 ± 8.5	35.8 ± 9.8	26.7 ± 1.6	29.3 ± 2.5	32.7 ± 7.0
(mg/dl)	45	29.0 ± 5.0	29.0 ± 5.0	30.2 ± 1.9	30.7 ± 6.5	30.7 ± 8.6
	90	33.0 ± 12.4	36.2 ± 8.3	30.2 ± 7.4	31.3 ± 5.7	30.0 ± 9.2
T-Cho	0 (Control)	136 ± 34	135 ± 26	124 ± 23	116 ± 24	141 ± 51
(mg/dl)	45	128 ± 14	126 ± 17	121 ± 19	117 ± 11	119 ± 9
	90	144 ± 43	147 ± 41	149 ± 41	135 ± 49	129 ± 45
BUN	0 (Control)	12.8 ± 2.4	14.0 ± 1.9	12.1 ± 0.7	11.9 ± 2.6	11.7 ± 3.4
(mg/dl)	45	13.2 ± 1.5	14.6 ± 1.9	13.2 ± 1.4	11.8 ± 0.6	13.0 ± 0.9
	90	12.1 ± 0.6	12.1 ± 0.4	12.5 ± 1.0	12.0 ± 0.6	11.4 ± 1.8
Cre	0 (Control)	0.62 ± 0.10	0.66 ± 0.10	0.66 ± 0.09	0.62 ± 0.11	0.61 ± 0.11
(mg/dl)	45	0.70 ± 0.09	0.70 ± 0.11	0.67 ± 0.05	0.62 ± 0.03	0.64 ± 0.04
	90	0.66 ± 0.12	0.64 ± 0.11	0.63 ± 0.08	0.59 ± 0.06	0.64 ± 0.06
T-Bil	0 (Control)	0.08 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01	0.07 ± 0.01	0.08 ± 0.01
(mg/dl)	45	0.10 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.03	0.10 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01
	90	0.12 ± 0.01*	0.09 ± 0.01	0.10 ± 0.02	0.07 ± 0.02	0.09 ± 0.02
CRP	0 (Control)	1.28 ± 0.90	1.63 ± 1.22	1.04 ± 0.87	0.78 ± 0.43	0.75 ± 0.43
(mg/dl)	45	1.44 ± 0.63	1.56 ± 0.70	0.85 ± 0.96	0.61 ± 0.56	0.74 ± 0.89
	90	0.92 ± 0.19	1.05 ± 0.41	1.02 ± 0.19	0.62 ± 0.15	0.44 ± 0.30
Ca	0 (Control)	9.65 ± 0.44	9.94 ± 0.24	9.83 ± 0.26	9.27 ± 0.15	9.50 ± 0.10
(mg/dl)	45	9.87 ± 0.31	9.89 ± 0.19	9.71 ± 0.51	9.30 ± 0.26	9.50 ± 0.36
	90	9.71 ± 0.17	9.70 ± 0.35	9.94 ± 0.43	9.23 ± 0.15	9.63 ± 0.15
iP	0	3.31 ± 0.31	3.47 ± 0.23	3.31 ± 0.27	3.03 ± 0.25	3.40 ± 0.20
(mg/dl)	45	3.40 ± 0.26	3.51 ± 0.44	3.61 ± 0.41	3.30 ± 0.44	3.63 ± 0.25
	90	3.40 ± 0.47	3.63 ± 0.39	3.56 ± 0.29	3.30 ± 0.26	3.33 ± 0.65
Na	0 (Control)	150.3 ± 3.0	152.3 ± 1.7	151.3 ± 1.9	145.7 ± 0.6	145.3 ± 0.6
(mEq/l)	45	154.4 ± 1.0	152.4 ± 1.6	151.3 ± 0.4	147.7 ± 0.6	145.3 ± 1.2
	90	151.0 ± 0.9	149.3 ± 0.6	150.8 ± 2.5	144.7 ± 1.5	145.0 ± 1.0
K	0 (Control)	4.81 ± 0.26	4.91 ± 0.24	5.07 ± 0.17	4.60 ± 0.14	5.05 ± 0.15
(mEq/l)	45	4.71 ± 0.33	4.92 ± 0.26	5.01 ± 0.09	4.55 ± 0.27	4.96 ± 0.17
	90	4.56 ± 0.35	4.82 ± 0.20	4.66 ± 0.34	4.44 ± 0.35	4.65 ± 0.35
Cl	0 (Control)	118.0 ± 2.4	118.3 ± 1.4	117.5 ± 0.6	113.7 ± 1.5	112.7 ± 1.5
(mEq/l)	45	118.9 ± 1.8	118.4 ± 2.0	118.2 ± 2.2	112.7 ± 1.5	112.0 ± 1.0
	90	119.3 ± 0.5	118.5 ± 0.6	119.4 ± 2.4	113.7 ± 1.5	113.7 ± 0.6

Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (n = 3). LDH lactate dehydrogenase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase, CK creatine kinase, TP total protein, Alb albumin, Glb globulin, Glu glucose, TG triglyceride, T-Chol total cholesterol, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Cre creatinine, T-Bil total bilirubin, CRP C-reactive protein, Ca calcium, iP inorganic phosphorus, Na sodium, K potassium, Cl chloride. *p < 0.05, compared with the water-treated control group

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