Table 3 Key demographic factors, disease management practices and farm characteristics associated with the prevalence of Salmonella, with p-values from simple chi-square analyses
Variable | Category | Salmonella positive farms (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Sex of farmer | Male (n = 108) | 31 (28.7) | 0.004 |
Female (n = 129) | 18 (14.0) |  | |
Sex of manager | Male (n = 85) | 27 (31.89) | < 0.001 |
Female (n = 115) | 12 (10.4) |  | |
Not applicable (n = 37) |  |  | |
Age of the manager | < 20 years (n = 5) | 4 (80.0) | 0.001 |
20–35 years (n = 103) | 18 (17.5) |  | |
36–50 years (n = 85) | 23 (27.1) |  | |
> 50 years (n = 35) | 3 (8.6) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 9) |  |  |
Education level of the farmer | Primary (n = 44) | 5 (11.4) | 0.012 |
Secondary (n = 76) | 12 (15.8) |  | |
Tertiary (n = 102) | 31 (30.4) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 15) |  |  |
Farm size (no. of birds) | Small (50–500) (n = 162) | 19 (11.7) | < 0.001 |
Medium (501–1000) (n = 33) | 14 (42.4) |  | |
Large (> 1000) (n = 38) | 14 (36.8) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 4) |  |  |
Number of poultry houses | One house (n = 135) | 12 (8.9) | < 0.001 |
Two houses (n = 45) | 8 (17.8) |  | |
Three houses (n = 32) | 21 (65.6) |  | |
> 3 houses (n = 25) | 8 (32.0) |  | |
Management system | Free range (n = 47) | 2 (4.3) | < 0.001 |
Semi intensive (n = 90) | 11 (12.2) |  | |
Intensive (n = 98) | 35 (35.7) |  | |
|  | Others (n = 2) |  |  |
Use of protective clothing | Yes (n = 136) | 35 (25.7) | 0.031 |
No (n = 99) | 14 (14.1) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 2) |  |  |
Who does vaccination | Private (n = 88) | 19 (21.6) | 0.029 |
Self/family (n = 136) | 25 (18.4) |  | |
Employee (n = 9) | 5 (55.6) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 4) |  |  |
Reuse of egg trays | Yes (n = 105) | 29 (27.6) | 0.034 |
No (n = 119) | 19 (16.0) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 13) |  |  |
Who treats the birds | Self (n = 155) | 22 (14.2) | < 0.001 |
Government/Animal Health Worker (n = 11) | 0 (0.0) |  | |
Private/Animal Health worker (n = 52) | 24 (46.2) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 19) |  |  |
Presence of other livestock | Present (n = 101) | 26 (25.7) | 0.097 |
Not present (n = 136) | 23 (16.9) |  | |
Having a separate house for new birds | Yes (n = 136) | 24 (17.6) | 0.134 |
No (n = 97) | 25 (25.8) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 4) |  |  |
Disposal of dead birds | Burying (n = 109) | 21 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
Burning (n = 17) | 12 (70.6) |  | |
Throw away (n = 45) | 9 (20.0) |  | |
Giving to animals (dogs and pigs) (n = 32) | 4 (12.5) |  | |
Drop in a pit (n = 24) | 3 (12.5) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 10) |  |  |
Keeping of pets | Yes (n = 137) | 35 (25.5) | 0.025 |
No (n = 99) | 14 (14.1) |  | |
|  | Missing (n = 1) |  |  |
If yes, species of pets | Dogs (n = 62) | 20 (32.3) | 0.006 |
Cats (n = 24) | 0 (0.0) |  | |
|  | Both dogs and cats (n = 51) | 15 (29.4) |  |
Keeping of records | Yes (n = 153) | 43 (28.1) | < 0.001 |
No (n = 80) | 5 (6.2) |  |