Table 1 Hormonal-metabolic (blood concentrations of cortisol, lactate, glucose, and NEFA) and cardio-respiratory stress responses (HR, RR, MAP; mean ± SEM) to lateral recumbency (LR) restraint in dairy cows (before local anaesthesia in a distal hind distal limb; IVRA: intra venous regional anaesthesia, N = 8; NBA: hindfoot nerve block anaesthesia, N = 8; t-20: 20 min before, t-5: five min before, t5: five min after restraining the cows)
Time | Relative | To | LR | (Minutes) | Statistics | (p-values) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t-20 | t-5 | t5 | ||||||||
Parameter | Group | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Mean | SEM | Group | Time | Group*time |
Cortisol | IVRA | 20.7 | 3.0 | 18.0 | 2.2 | 43.2 | 5.2 | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.70 |
(ng/ml) | NBA | 17.9 | 10.7 | 37.2 | ||||||
Lactate | IVRA | 2.04 | 0.20 | 2.04 | 0.23 | 2.61 | 0.30 | 0.31 | < 0.001 | 0.98 |
(mmol/l) | NBA | 2.34 | 2.36 | 2.93 | ||||||
Glucose | IVRA | 3.90 | 0.13 | 3.91 | 0.15 | 3.81 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.91 |
(mmol/l) | NBA | 4.16 | 4.13 | 3.99 | ||||||
NEFA | IVRA | 262 | 45 | 275 | 49 | 318 | 70 | 0.74 | 0.038 | 0.89 |
(μmol/l) | NBA | 231 | 250 | 298 | ||||||
HR | IVRA | 62 | 4 | 63 | 5 | 70 | 6 | 0.12 | 0.002 | 0.54 |
(1/min) | NBA | 71 | 71 | 83 | ||||||
RR | IVRA | 28 | 3 | 30 | 3 | 31 | 3 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 0.46 |
(1/min) | NBA | 27 | 30 | 26 | ||||||
MAP | IVRA | 142 | 5 | 145 | 5 | 141 | 7 | 0.76 | 0.75 | 0.37 |
(mmHg) | NBA | 143 | 143 | 149 |