Metabolic derangements and reduced survival of bile-extracted Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus)

BMC Veterinary Research

Table 3 ANCOVA Model 2A: Bile-Extracted, Farm-Not-Extracted, Zoo, and Free-Range data adjusting for sex and age (log transformed)

Serum/Hematology Parameters	Obs	Bear Group (p-value)	Interactions		Level	Difference	SE	Lower CI	Upper CI	p-value
Serum/Hematology Parameters	Obs	Bear Group (p-value)	Sex	Age	Level	Difference	SE	Lower CI	Upper CI	p-value
ALT	257	0.0004	–	–	BE-FNE	0.473	0.145	0.182	0.764	0.001^c
					BE-Zoo	0.552	0.232	0.086	1.018	0.020^c
					BE-FR	0.357	0.154	0.049	0.665	0.023^c
GGT	236	< 0.0001	–	–	BE-FNE	1.083	0.204	0.672	1.493	< 0.0001^c
					BE-Zoo	2.215	0.319	1.575	2.856	< 0.0001^c
					BE-FR	2.109	0.212	1.683	2.536	< 0.0001^c
ALKP	239	< 0.0001	–	–	BE-FNE	0.123	0.165	−0.209	0.456	0.480^c
					BE-Zoo	−1.381	0.260	−1.903	− 0.858	< 0.0001^c
					BE-FR	−0.139	0.173	−0.486	0.208	0.444^c
LDH	199	0.0004	–	–	BE-FNE	− 0.078	0.111	− 0.301	0.144	0.5035^c
					BE-Zoo	−0.345	0.163	− 0.672	− 0.018	0.039^c
					BE-FR	− 0.433	0.109	−0.653	− 0.214	0.0001^c
CREA	247		0.0238	–	F,BE-F,FNE	− 0.114	0.089	− 0.386	0.158	0.904^b
					F,BE-F,Zoo	0.007	0.148	−0.445	0.459	1.000^b
					F,BE-F,FR	0.281	0.118	−0.080	0.642	0.256^b
					M,BE-M,FNE	0.217	0.127	−0.171	0.605	0.678^b
					M,BE-M,Zoo	0.302	0.191	−0.283	0.887	0.763^b
					M,BE-M,FR	0.035	0.102	− 0.277	0.346	1.000^b
ALB	259	< 0.0001	–	–	BE-FNE	0.053	0.033	−0.013	0.118	0.115^c
					BE-Zoo	0.368	0.053	0.262	0.475	< 0.0001^c
					BE-FR	0.214	0.035	0.143	0.284	< 0.0001^c
GLOB	258	< 0.0001	–	–	BE-FNE	−0.055	0.054	−0.164	0.053	0.3265^c
					BE-Zoo	−0.322	0.087	−0.496	− 0.147	0.0003^c
					BE-FR	−0.218	0.058	−0.334	−0.103	0.0002^c
PCV	247	0.0299	–	–	BE-FNE	0.068	0.046	−0.025	0.161	0.154^c
					BE-Zoo	−0.148	0.074	− 0.296	0.001	0.051^c
					BE-FR	−0.073	0.049	−0.172	0.025	0.146^c

Obs = number of observations; SE = standard error; CI = confidence interval; ALT = alanine aminotransferase; GGT = gamma glutamyl transferase; ALKP = alkaline phosphatase; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase; CREA = creatinine; ALB = albumin; GLOB = globulin; PCV = packed cell volume; BE = bile-extracted; FNE = farm-not-extracted; FR = free-range; F = female; M = male; Hib = hibernation season (December–April); Non = non-hibernation season (May–November); “- -” indicates p-values > 0.05 and denotes interaction terms removed by stepwise selection, resulting in the reported significant p-values listed under Bear Group or Interaction columns after the other interactions terms were removed from the model; ^bTukey HSD, ^cDunnett

ISSN: 1746-6148