Fig. 1

Effects of curcumin on PRRSV infection of Marc-145 cells. Marc-145 Cells were co-incubated with GD-HD (MOI: 0.1) and various curcumin concentrations at 37 °C for 1 h. Cells were washed and incubated at 37 °C for 36 h in medium without curcumin. PRRSV N protein expression levels were analyzed using western blot with α-tubulin as a control for sample loading (a). Virus titers in the supernatants were determined using CCID₅₀ (b). Curcumin cytotoxicity was determined in Marc-145 cells using a CCK8 assay and is presented as experimental cell viability relative to cell viability of untreated control (100%) (c). Each value represents the mean ± SD from three independent experiments (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ND means non-detectable)