Fig. 2

Flowchart based on Fig. 1 (basic model), showing the modifications made to simulated Hypotheses 2–4. Boxes 1–8 are similar to Fig. 2. For Hypothesis 2 (unsampled reservoir), parameter m (box b) represents the likelihood of an individual migrating into the system from the separately modelled population (box c). For hypothesis 3 (increasing population size), parameter F (box d) represents the final target population size for the model. For Hypothesis 4 (superspreading), Λ _t (box 4) gives the vector of the probability of reproduction for each species, which is the sum of the reproduction probabilities λ, for each individual j in each species I, divided by the sum of reproduction probabilities for all individuals in the system