Variable | Unit | Time 1 | Time 2 | P value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P-TMP | P-EME | P-TMP | P-EME | Â | ||||||
Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD |  | ||
Times to sampling (from dart placement until sampling) | ||||||||||
 Times to sampling | min | 16.8 | ±7.0 | 19.2 | ±5.6 | 150.4 | ±5.7 | 151.8 | ±6.3 |  |
 T-test P value |  | P = 0.442 | P = 0.613 |  | ||||||
Basic clinical parameters at time of sampling | Â | |||||||||
 Heart rate | Beats/min | 122 | ±40 | 79 | ±37 | 57 | ±9 | 59 | ±11 | <0.001 |
 Resp rate | Breaths/min | 9 | ±5 | 9 | ±2 | 10 | ±2 | 10 | ±2 | 0.316 |
 MAP | mmHg | 126 | ±14 | 117 | ±18 | 102 | ±12 | 90 | ±19 | 0.001 |
 Temperature | °C | 38.9 | ±0.4 | 39.3 | ±0.2 | 37.0 | ±0.2 | 37.0 | ±0.2 | <0.001 |
Arterial blood acid base analysis | Â | |||||||||
 pH | N/A | 7.36 | ±0.04 | 7.38 | ±0.04 | 7.31 | ±0.02 | 7.30 | ±0.05 | 0.001 |
 HCO3 − | mEq/L | 29.0 | ±2.7 | 30.1 | ±2.9 | 36.0 | ±5.9 | 35.9 | ±1.5 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 29.0 | ±2.7 | 30.1 | ±2.9 | 36.0 | ±5.9 | 35.9 | ±1.5 | ||
 BE | mEq/L | 3.6 | ±2.4 | 4.9 | ±3.1 | 9.8 | ±6.1 | 9.5 | ±1.5 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 3.6 | ±2.4 | 4.9 | ±3.1 | 9.8 | ±6.1 | 9.5 | ±1.5 | ||
 Lactate | mEq/L | 3.0 | ±1.6 | 2.9 | ±1.4 | 0.3 | ±0.0 | 0.3 | ±0.0 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 3.0 | ±1.6 | 2.9 | ±1.4 | 0.3 | ±0.0 | 0.3 | ±0.0 | ||
Electrolytes | Â | |||||||||
 Na+ | mEq/L | 145.8 | ±1.3 | 146.9 | ±2.3 | 146.4 | ±2.4 | 148.2 | ±2.4 | 0.170 |
mmol/L | 145.8 | ±1.3 | 146.9 | ±2.3 | 146.4 | ±2.4 | 148.2 | ±2.4 | ||
 K+ | mEq/L | 4.2 | ±0.2 | 4.1 | ±0.4 | 3.6 | ±0.1 | 3.6 | ±0.3 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 4.2 | ±0.2 | 4.1 | ±0.4 | 3.6 | ±0.1 | 3.6 | ±0.3 | ||
 Ca++ | mEq/L | 1.1 | ±0.1 | 1.1 | ±0.1 | 1.1 | ±0.1 | 1.1 | ±0.1 | 0.307 |
mmol/L | 0.55 | ±0.05 | 0.55 | ±0.05 | 0.55 | ±0.05 | 0.55 | ±0.05 | ||
 Cl− | mEq/L | 107.4 | ±3.1 | 106.6 | ±2.8 | 103.9 | ±2.6 | 106.3 | ±2.4 | 0.046 |
mmol/L | 107.4 | ±3.1 | 106.6 | ±2.8 | 103.9 | ±2.6 | 106.3 | ±2.4 | ||
 P− | mEq/L | 2.2 | ±0.4 | 2.2 | ±0.5 | 2.0 | ±0.5 | 2.2 | ±0.5 | 0.606 |
mmol/L | 2.2 | ±0.4 | 2.2 | ±0.5 | 2.0 | ±0.5 | 2.2 | ±0.5 | ||
Proteins | ||||||||||
 Albumin | g/dL | 4.4 | ±0.3 | 4.2 | ±0.3 | 3.6 | ±0.2 | 3.7 | ±0.1 | <0.001 |
 Globulin | g/dL | 1.8 | ±0.3 | 1.6 | ±0.3 | 1.5 | ±0.3 | 1.4 | ±0.2 | 0.003 |
 Haematocrit | L/L | 0.29 | ±0.03 | 0.28 | ±0.03 | 0.18 | ±0.02 | 0.20 | ±0.03 | <0.001 |
 Haemoglobin | g/dL | 9.98 | ±0.86 | 9.42 | ±1.22 | 6.12 | ±0.72 | 6.72 | ±0.88 | <0.001 |
Independent variables affecting pH | ||||||||||
 PaCO2 | mmHg | 51.5 | ±8.6 | 51.2 | ±6.7 | 71.4 | ±15.6 | 73.8 | ±9.1 | <0.001 |
 SIDa | mEq/L | 40.7 | ±1.9 | 42.7 | ±2.7 | 47.0 | ±4.3 | 46.2 | ±1.4 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 40.1 | ±1.9 | 42.1 | ±2.7 | 46.4 | ±4.3 | 45.7 | ±1.6 | ||
 SIDe | mEq/L | 34.1 | ±3.0 | 35.1 | ±3.6 | 40.4 | ±6.0 | 40.8 | ±2.0 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 34.1 | ±3.0 | 35.1 | ±3.6 | 40.4 | ±6.0 | 40.8 | ±2.0 | ||
 SIG | mEq/L | 6.6 | ±3.3 | 7.5 | ±1.8 | 6.5 | ±3.2 | 5.5 | ±2.2 | 0.243 |
mmol/L | 6.0 | ±3.2 | 7.0 | ±1.4 | 6.0 | ±3.2 | 5.0 | ±2.2 | ||
 AG | mEq/L | 13.5 | ±4.0 | 14.3 | ±2.1 | 10.2 | ±2.8 | 9.5 | ±1.7 | <0.001 |
mmol/L | 13.5 | ±4.0 | 14.3 | ±2.1 | 10.2 | ±2.8 | 9.5 | ±1.7 | ||
 Atot | mmol/L | 16.4 | ±1.2 | 15.7 | ±1.2 | 13.8 | ±1.1 | 14.3 | ±1.0 | <0.001 |