Arginine supplementation modulates pig plasma lipids, but not hepatic fatty acids, depending on dietary protein level with or without leucine

Madeira, Marta Sofia Morgado dos Santos; Rolo, Eva Sofia Alves; Pires, Virgínia Maria Rico; Alfaia, Cristina Maria Riscado Pereira Mateus; Coelho, Diogo Francisco Maurício; Lopes, Paula Alexandra Antunes Brás; Martins, Susana Isabel Vargas; Pinto, Rui Manuel Amaro; Prates, José António Mestre

doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1063-y

Table 1 Effect of dietary arginine, leucine and protein level on plasma metabolites of commercial crossbred pigs¹ ⁻³

From: Arginine supplementation modulates pig plasma lipids, but not hepatic fatty acids, depending on dietary protein level with or without leucine

	Control						Arginine						Significance level
	NPD		RPD		RPDL		NPD		RPD		RPDL		Arginine	Dietary protein level			Arg × Prot
	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Arginine	NPD vs. RPD	NPD vs. RPDL	RPD vs. RPDL	Arg × Prot
Plasma lipids
Total lipids (mg/L)	3691^c	19	4177^a	27	4040^b	29	4114^ab	23	3678^c	27	3735^c	24	<0.001	0.320	0.536	0.151	<0.001
Triacylglycerols (mg/L)	398^b	5.5	441^a	11	291^cd	18	421^a	6.1	304^d	8.3	329^c	6.5	0.007	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Total Cholesterol (mg/L)	897^c	8.7	1118^ab	13.9	1124^a	8.8	1097^a	10.1	937^b	12.9	953^b	9.7	<0.001	0.013	<0.001	0.321	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol (mg/L)	328^d	9.4	405^ab	5.5	417a	6.0	385^c	6.0	335^d	3.8	391^bc	4.8	0.017	0.044	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
LDL-cholesterol (mg/L)	490^c	10	601^ab	27	649^a	10	628^a	11	541^b	14	495^c	6.5	0.049	0.496	0.194	0.946	<0.001
VLDL-cholesterol (mg/L)	79.5^b	1.09	88.2^a	3.72	58.2^cd	2.24	84.2^a	1.22	60.9^d	1.67	65.8^c	1.31	0.007	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Other plasma metabolites
Glucose (mg/L)	1540^a	28	1150^c	20	1210^bc	25	1160^c	19	1170^c	18	1230^b	16	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.007	<0.001
Insulin (mU/L)	3.71	0.458	3.48	0.458	3.77	0.458	3.05	0.458	3.36	0.458	2.68	0.458	0.102	0.933	0.736	0.674	0.581
HOMA-IR³ (mmol/l × μU/ml)	1.40	0.206	0.99	0.171	1.13	0.161	0.88	0.122	0.96	0.103	0.81	0.084	0.021	0.304	0.269	0.963	0.283
Leptin (μg/L)	1.25	0.134	1.49	0.134	1.92	0.134	1.40	0.134	1.61	0.134	1.54	0.134	0.718	0.096	0.004	0.190	0.088
Urea (mg/L)	234^b	7.7	274^a	9.4	217^bc	7.8	222^b	5.9	177^d	5.3	200^c	5.5	<0.001	0.705	0.006	0.025	<0.001
Total protein (g/L)	71.3^b	0.40	74.3^a	0.57	67.7^c	0.77	71.4^b	0.32	66.7^c	0.79	66.7^c	0.19	0.612	0.134	0.297	0.040	<0.001
Plasma hepatic markers
ALT (U/L)	47.3^b	0.60	48.9^b	0.54	42.9^c	0.54	53.0^a	1.49	40.7^c	1.94	33.9^d	1.80	0.001	0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
AST (U/L)	57.4	1.25	48.8	0.64	36.1	1.73	53.0	1.19	42.4	1.79	36.5	1.92	0.007	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.122
GGT (U/L)	18.8^d	0.43	26.7^bc	1.82	29.5^b	0.58	28.3^bc	1.07	25.5^c	1.38	42.4^a	1.05	<0.001	0.059	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

¹ NPD normal protein diet, RPD reduced protein diet, RPDL reduced protein diet with leucine addition.
² AST aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), ALT alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2), ALP alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.13).
³HOMA-IR, insulin resistance index = [fasting plasma glucose] × [fasting plasma insulin] / 22.5.
(a-d) mean values within a row with unlike superscript letter were significantly different (P < 0.05)

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