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Table 1 Feline Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension a

From: Vasoproliferative process resembling pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis in a cat

1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension

1.1

Idiopathic PAH (NR)

1.2

Heritable PAH (NR)

1.3

Drug and toxin induced (NR)

1.4

Associated with:

1.4.1

Connective tissue disease (NR)

1.4.2

Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection (NR)

1.4.3

Portal hypertension (NR)

1.4.4

Congenital heart diseases: Patent ductus arteriosus [1618]; Atrial septal defect [19]; Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection [20];Double-outlet right atrium [37];Ventricular septal defect [38]

1.4.5

Schistosomiasis (NR)

1’ Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and/or pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis

 

Current report

1” Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (NR)

2. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease

2.1

Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (NR)

2.2

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (NR)

2.3

Valvular disease (NR)

2.4

Congenital/acquired left heart inflow/outflow tract obstruction and congenital cardiomyopathies: Supra valvular mitral stenosis [2123]; Cor triatriatum [2428]

3. Pulmonary hypertension due to lung diseases and/or hypoxia

3.1

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

 

Nasopharyngeal polyp induced hypoxia [30]

3.2

Interstitial lung disease

 

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis [29]

3.3

Other pulmonary diseases with mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern (NR)

3.4

Sleep-disordered breathing (NR)

3.5

Alveolar hypoventilation disorders (NR)

3.6

Chronic exposure to high altitude (NR)

3.7

Developmental lung diseases (NR)

4. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

 

Pulmonary thromboembolism [3133]

5. Pulmonary hypertension with unclear multifactorial mechanisms

5.1

Hematologic disorders: chronic hemolytic anemia (NR), myeloproliferative disorders (NR), splenectomy (NR)

5.2

Systemic disorders: sarcoidosis (NR), pulmonary histiocytosis (NR), lymphangiomyomatosis (NR)

5.3

Metabolic disorders: glycogen storage disease (NR), Gaucher disease (NR), thyroid disorders (NR)

5.4

Others: tumoral obstruction (NR), fibrosing mediastinitis (NR), chronic renal failure (NR), segmental PH (NR)

5.4.1 (proposed in cats)

Dirofilaria immitis [34, 35]; Aelurostrongylus abstrusus [36]

  1. NR not reported, PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension, FIV feline immunodeficiency virus
  2. a Adapted for the cat from the Human 5th World Symposium on Pulmonary Hypertension Nice, France 2013