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Table 1 Plasma biomarkers of kidney damage in dogs, at the initiation (Week -1) and the end (Week 24) of a 24-wk period of consumption of PEGB at 4, 20 or 40 mg/kg/d. (Data are means ± SEM, n = 6/group; minima and maxima values are mentioned in parenthesis)

From: A mixed grape and blueberry extract is safe for dogs to consume

Biomarkers (reference values)

Units

Control

PEGB

4 mg/kg/d

20 mg/kg/d

40 mg/kg/d

Week -1

Week 24

Week -1

Week 24

Week -1

Week 24

Week -1

Week 24

Creatinine (0.3–1.4)

mg/dL

0.8 ± 0.1 (0.4–1.0)

0.8 ± 0.1 (0.5–1.0)

0.9 ± 0.1 (0.7–1.1)

0.7 ± 0.1 (0.6–0.9)

0.8 ± 0.1 (0.5–1.1)

0.8 ± 0.1 (0.5–1.3)

0.9 ± 0.1 (0.7–1.1)

0.8 ± 0.1 (0.5–0.9)

Blood urea nitrogen (7–25)

mg/dL

14 ± 1 (11–15)

13 ± 1 (10–15)

12 ± 1 (8–15)

11 ± 1 (7–14)

10 ± 1 (8–10)

9 ± 1 (7–13)

12 ± 1 (10–17)

12 ± 1 (9–15)

Sodium (138–160)

mmol/L

145 ± 2 (138–150)

142 ± 2 (137–147)

146 ± 2 (138–152)

142 ± 2 (136–148)

147 ± 1 (143–151)

142 ± 1 (138–146)

145 ± 1 (143–147)

146 ± 2 (140–151)

Potassium (3.7–5.8)

mmol/L

4.7 ± 0.1 (4.4–5.1)

4.7 ± 0.3 (3.7–5.4)

4.4 ± 0.1 (3.8–4.7)

4.6 ± 0.2 (3.6–5.0)

4.5 ± 0.1 (4.2–4.9)

4.5 ± 0.2 (3.9–5.1)

4.6 ± 0.1 (4.4–4.9)

4.8 ± 0.3 (4.0–5.8)

Calcium (8.6–11.8)

mg/dL

10.1 ± 0.2 (9.4–10.5)

10.1 ± 0.1 (9.8–10.7)

10.7 ± 0.2 (9.8–11)

10.4 ± 0.1 (10.0–10.8)

10.5 ± 0.3 (9.6–11.2)

10.4 ± 0.2 (9.8–10.8)

10.5 ± 0.1 (10.1–10.9)

10.5 ± 0.1 (10.1–10.8)

Phosphate (2.9–6.6)

mg/dL

4.3 ± 0.2 (3.6–5.0)

4.2 ± 0.3 (3.3–4.9)

4.5 ± 0.3 (3.9–5.8)

4.4 ± 0.3 (3.3–5.2)

4.2 ± 0.2 (3.4–5.1)

4.4 ± 0.3 (3.6–5.1)

4.4 ± 0.2 (3.4–5.1)

4.2 ± 0.1 (3.8–4.6)

Albumin (2.5–4.4)

g/dL

3.1 ± 0.2 (2.3–3.4)

3.2 ± 0.2 (2.6–3.6)

3.5 ± 0.1 (3.2–3.6)

3.3 ± 0.1 (2.7–3.6)

3.4 ± 0.2 (2.9–3.4)

3.3 ± 0.2 (2.3–3.9)

3.4 ± 0.1 (3.0–3.6)

3.4 ± 0.1 (3.3–3.7)