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Table 5 Details of number of dogs, 95 % CI affected cases, AED doses and serum levels, treatment period and adverse effects

From: Antiepileptic drugs’ tolerability and safety – a systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse effects in dogs

Study

AED

No of dogs

Prevalence

95 % CI affected case

Doses of AEDs

Serum levels of AEDs

Treatmentperiod

Body system affected and adverse effects

Most common adverse effects

Adverse effect type

von Klopmann et al. 2007

Zonisamide as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr

11

72.7 %

46.4 %–99.0 %

Zonisamide: mean, 8.9; range, 5–11 mg/kg PO BID

PHB and PBr: NA but continued unchanged or reduced if appropriate

Zonisamide: median, 19.2; range, 15.2–38. 4 lg/ml.

PHB: median, 121; range, 66–150 5 lmol/l.

PBr: median 1.2; range, 0.7–1.7 g/l.

range, 4–17 m

Neurological (ataxia, sedation), ClinPath (increased ALP, ALT and GLDH)

ataxia, sedation, increased ALP

I

Chung et al. 2012

Zonisamide

10

10 %

−8.6 %–28.6 %

median 9.5; mean 8.65; range 2.5–12 mg/kg PO BID

range, 15.24–22.41 mg/mL

median, 12; mean, 11.2 m

Neurological (sedation), GI (vomiting, anorexia)

sedation, vomiting, anorexia

I

Dewey et al. 2004

Zonisamide as an adjunct to PHB and/or PBr and/or felbamate and/or gaba and/or cloraz

12

50 %

21.7 %–78.3 %

Zonisamide: mean, 8.9; range, 5–11 mg/kg PO BID.

Other AEDs: NA but in 9/12 dogs concurrent AEDs doses were eliminated or reduced.

Zonisamide: median, 23.5; mean, 21.2 μg/mL.

mean, 8; median, 9; range, 2–18 m

Neurological (ataxia, sedation), GI (vomiting), ClinPath (ALP)

ataxia, increased ALP

I

Walker et al. 1988

Zonisamide

40

NA

NA

10, 30 or 75 mg/kg PO SID

range, 10–140 ug/ml

13 m

Neurological (aggression) GI (emaciation), ClinPath (increased ALP, decreased albumin)

aggression, increased ALP, decreased albumin

I

Boothe et al. 2008

Zonisamide

8

0 %

0 %

6.9 mg/kg IV SID or 10.3 mg⁄kg PO SID

range, 6–55 mcg⁄ml

2 m

Endocrine (Decreased total T4)

(However, total T4 was only slightly decreased at the study end)

NA

I

Cook et al. 2011

Zonisamide

1

NA

NA

range, 7.9–8.4 mg/kg PO BID

38 μg/mL

18 m

ClinPath (mixed acid base disorder)

NA

II

Miller et al. 2011

Zonisamide

1

NA

NA

7.7 mg/kg PO BID

NA

0.3 m

GI (hepatoxicity)

NA

II

  1. Abbreviations: AED(s) anti-epileptic drug(s), BID bis in die (twice daily), Chloraz Chlorazepate, CSF cerebrospinal fluid, CL confidence level, Gaba Gabapentin, IE idiopathic epilepsy, LEV Levetiracetam, m month(s), NA Not Available, PHB phenobarbital, PD polydipsia, PU polyuria, PP polyphagia, PBr potassium bromide, Prim primidone, PO per os, SID semel in die (once daily), TID ter in die (three times daily), TPM Topiramate, w week(s), y year(s)