Breed | Study | N | Study designs | Case selection | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | Investigations for confirmation of idiopathic epilepsy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Australian Shepherd | Weissl et al. 2012 [9] | 50 | Cohort, controls | Questionaire &phone interview | ≥2 seizures ≥ 4 weeks apart, age at onset ≤ 5 years | History of skull trauma | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acid stimulation test |
MRI/CSF (47 %) | |||||||
Urinary organic/amino acids (20 %) | |||||||
Post mortem (4 %) | |||||||
Belgian Shepherd | Berendt et al. 2008 [23] | 49 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnnaire (validated) &phone interview | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | n.s. |
Seppala et al. 2012 [34] | 94 | Cohort, controls | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | Detailed examination (18 %) [35] | |
PE, NE, laboratory | |||||||
MRI/CSF | |||||||
Descriptive: EEG (18 %)b | |||||||
Oberbauer et al. 2003 [35] | 164 | Cohort (family-based) | Owner-reported generalized seizures & questionnaire | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | n.s. | |
Oberbauer et al. 2010 [36] | 74 | Cohort, controls | Owner and veterinarian reported generalized seizures | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | n.s. | |
Gullov et al. 2012 [37] | 51 | Cohort, controls (family-based) | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | PE, NE, laboratory with thyroid profile, ECG | |
Berendt et al. 2009 [41] | 66 | Cohort (family-based) | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥2 seizures | History suggesting intracranial disease and progressive neurological signs. | PE, NE, laboratory with thyroid profile, ECG | |
Famula et al. 1997 [38] | 23 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire | 1 seizure | n.s. | n.s. | |
142 | ≥2 seizures | ||||||
Famula & Oberbauer 2000 [39] | 21 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire | 1 seizure | n.s. | n.s. | |
157 | ≥2 seizures | ||||||
Bernese Mountain Dog | Kathmann et al. 1999 [45] | 50 | Cohort | Questionnaire | History of epileptic seizures | n.s. | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acid stimulation test, CSF |
Border Collie | Hülsmeyer et al. 2010 [8] | 49 | Cohort | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥2 seizures, at least 4 weeks apart | Presence of any initial precipitating event (eg, head trauma), an identified brain lesion, or observational data consisting of less than 10 h/day. | PE, NE, laboratory |
Border Terrier | Kearsley-Fleet et al. 2013 [17] | n.s. | Population survey (vet practice) | Electronic patient records | ≥2 seizures for ≥ 1 year, or | Medical records documented disease that could have caused epilepsy including brain imaging abnormalities | PE, laboratory |
≥4 prescript- ions of AEDs | |||||||
Kloene et al. 2008 [56] | 47 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire | n.s. | n.s. | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acid stimulation testa (10 %) | |
CT/CSF (10 %) | |||||||
Urinary organic/amino acids (47 %) | |||||||
Cavalier King Charles | Rusbridge&Knowler 2004 [58] | 40 | Cohort, controls (family investigation) | Owner-reported seizures | Diagnosis by veterinarian (generalized seizures, AED) | Clinical signs of CM | n.s. |
Driver et al. 2013 [59] | 29 | Cohort, controls | Medical record search CKCS with CM | History of epileptic seizures | MR lesions other than CM or ventriculomegaly | Laboratory with bile acid stimulation test, CSF, EEGb | |
Abnormal laboratory data | |||||||
Collie | Munana et al. 2012 [64] | 29 | Cohort | Questionnaire | Age of onset > 6 m/< 5 y, > 6 m prescription of AEDs | Laboratory | |
Dalmatian | Licht et al. 2002 [65] | 11 | Cohort | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥1 seizure | Evidence for structural epilepsy, seizures were not seen from the beginning | PE, NE, laboratory, bile acid stimulation test, tests for suspected toxin exposure |
English Springer Spaniel | Patterson et al. 2005 [74] | 45 | Cohort | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥2 seizures, ≥ 4 weeks apart | Evidence for head trauma or toxin exposure | NE, laboratory age of onset < 6 m />5 y: MRI or CT WNL or > 2 y without interictal abnormalities |
Kearsley-Fleet et al. 2013 [17] | n.s. | Population survey (vet practice) | Electronic patient records | ≥2 seizures for ≥ 1 year, or | Medical records documented disease that could have caused epilepsy including brain imaging abnormalities | PE, CBC, biochemical profile | |
≥4 prescriptions of AEDs | |||||||
Finnish Spitz | Jeserevic et al. 2007 [80] | 15 | Cohort, controls | ≥2 focal seizures | PE, NE, laboratory | ||
MRI/CSF (73 %), EEGb | |||||||
Viitmaa et al. 2006 [81] | 11 | Cohort, controls | ≥2 focal seizures | Evidence for structural epilepsy | PE, NE, laboratory, MRI/CSF, EEGb | ||
Viitmaa et al. 2013 [82] | 111 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire & phone interview | ≥2 seizure episodes | Interictal neurologic abnormalities, onset < 1 y, only 1 seizure episode | PE, NE, laboratory (27.8 %) | |
Viitmaa et al. 2014 [83] | 11 | Cohort | ≥2 focal seizures | PE, NE, laboratory | |||
Golden Retriever | Srenk&Jaggy 1996 [85] | 5 | Cohort, controls | Questionnaire, medical records review | History of epileptic seizures, normal diagnostic tests | n.s. | EEGb |
Srenk et al. 1994 [84] | 36 | Cohort | Questionnaire, medical records review | History of epileptic seizures, normal diagnostic tests | n.s. | PE, NE repeatedly, laboratory with bile acids or ammonia, CSF, EEG | |
Lengweiler&Jaggy 1999 [86] | 25 | Cohort | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures | n.s. | PE, NE repeatedly, laboratory with bile acids or ammonia, CSF | |
Hungarian (Magyar) Vizsla | Patterson et al. 2003 [87] | 29 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures, ≥ 1 month apart | Evidence of toxin exposure or head trauma | NE, laboratory |
If < 6 m/ > 5 < y: CT /MRI/CSF | |||||||
Irish Wolfhound | Casal et al. 2006 [24] | 146 | Population survey (families) | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures | Other medical problems | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acids or ammonia or both post mortem exam (10 %) |
Italian Spinone | DeRisio et al. 2015 [93] | 63 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures, ≥ 24 h apart | n.s. | PE, NE, laboratory |
onset >6 m / <6y | |||||||
Labrador Retriever | Heynold et al. 1997 [94] | 54 | Cohort (medical records) | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures video documentation (28 %) | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acids or ammonia, CSF | |
Jaggy et al. 1998 [95] | 55 | Cohort, controls | Questionnaire | ≥2 seizures | Other medical problems | PE, NE, laboratory with bile acids or ammonia, CSF at presentation and at 6 month follow-up | |
Lagotto Romagnolo | Jokinen et al. 2007 [105] | 25 | Cohort, case–control | Breeder-reported seizures families | Seizure episodes | n.s. | PE, NE, laboratory, MRI/CSF |
EEG/EMG/BAERb | |||||||
Post mortem (n = 1) | |||||||
Petit Basset Griffon | Gullov et al. 2011 [25] | 42 | Population survey (breed) | Questionnaire (validated) & phone interview% | ≥2 seizures, ≥ 24 h apart | n.s. | Laboratory, thyroid function, cardiac exam (45 %) bile acid stimulation test (21 %) |
MRI (7 %) | |||||||
Shetland Sheepdog | Morita et al. 2002 [109] | 11 | Cohort (family) | Prospective investigation | Repeated seizures | n.s. | Laboratory |
EEG on repeated occasionsb | |||||||
CSF (64 %) | |||||||
Post mortem (64 %) | |||||||
Standard Poodle | Licht et al. 2007 [113] | 30 | Population survey (family) | Short questionnaire, & phone interview, 6 months follow-up | ≥1 seizure | History of illness or head trauma that could account for seizures | ≥1 year unremarkable follow-up |
Age of onset <6 m/>7.5y | |||||||
Licht et al. 2002 [65] | 41 | Cohort | Owner-reported seizures | ≥1 seizure | Evidence for structural epilepsy, seizures were not seen from the beginning | PE, NE, laboratory, bile acid stimulation test, tests for suspected toxin exposure | |
Questionnaire & phone interview |