Table 5 Mineral and protein reference intervals for brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) presented as 95% confidence interval ¹

Calcium

mmol/L

88

2

1.8-2.7

B

YSA

1.8-2.6

Chloride

mmol/L

88

2

88-104

B

YSA

92-105

Iron

μmol/L

88

0.2

13-68

B

YS

14-50

<0.0001^A

A

19-75

Magnesium

mmol/L

88

1

0.70-1.21

B

Y

0.70-1.27

0.0167^A

SA

0.65-1.15

Inorganic Phosphorous

mmol/L

88

1.4

0.6-2.6

B

Y

1.1-2.7

0.0002^A

SA

0.7-2.3

Potassium

mmol/L

88

−0.2

3.2-5.3

B

YSA

3.3-5.1

Sodium

mmol/L

88

2

128-141

F

YSA

132-141

0.0135^S

M

YSA

123-145

Albumin

g/L

86

1.4

27.2-49.6

B

Y

24.5-40.6

<0.0001^A

SA

34.2-49.1

α₁-globulin

g/L

86

0.4

2.6-7.9

B

Y

3.0-10.6

<0.0001^A

SA

1.7-8.3

α₂-globulin

g/L

86

−0.4

2.9-10.2

B

Y

3.1-13.4

0.0004^A

SA

2.7-9.3

β-globulin

g/L

86

0

3.0-9.2

F

Y

3.2-6.0

<0.0001^A, 0.0096^S

SA

3.7-9.1

M

Y

2.2-8.6

SA

5.1-10.0

γ-globulins

g/L

86

0.4

1.6-7.9

B

Y

1.4-5.0

<0.0001^A

S

2.2-5.8

A

3.2-8.1

A:G

86

0

1.13-2.89

B

Y

1.03-2.70

<0.0001^A

SA

1.38-3.07

Total protein

g/L

88

2

48-72

B

Y

39-64

<0.0001^A

S

50-68

A

53-74