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Table 2 Results of univariable analyses for risk factors associated with FMD transmission between farms

From: Risk factors for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease during the 2010 outbreak in Japan: a case–control study

 

Level

Cattle

Pigs

Area A

Area B

Area A

Number of farms

P-value

Number of farms

P-value

Number of farms

P-value

Case

Control

Case

Control

Case

Control

Total

 

49

48

 

37

73

 

59

15

 

General information on the farm

          

Herd size

large

31

18

0.011

35

21

<0.001

31

6

0.386

 

small

18

30

 

2

52

 

28

9

 

Fattening farm

yes

-

-

-

-

-

-

13

9

0.007*

 

no

-

-

 

-

-

 

46

6

 

Belong to a company group

yes

-

-

-

-

-

-

8

7

0.009

 

no

-

-

 

-

-

 

51

8

 

People movements

          

Farmer visited other livestock farms

yes

4

4

0.631

4

12

0.429

9

3

0.457

 

no

45

44

 

33

61

 

50

12

 

Farm staff commuted from outside

yes

0

0

-

16

1

<0.001*

22

1

0.018*

 

no

49

48

 

21

72

 

37

14

 

Veterinarians visited the farm

yes

3

4

0.488

10

5

0.004

0

1

0.203

 

no

46

44

 

27

68

 

59

14

 

Agricultural technicians visited the farm

yes

0

4

0.056*

3

4

0.437

0

0

-

 

no

49

44

 

34

69

 

59

15

 

Staff of livestock related companies visited the farm

yes

0

3

0.117*

13

1

<0.001*

18

3

0.323

 

no

49

45

 

24

72

 

41

12

 

Other livestock farmers visited the farm

yes

1

4

0.175

1

6

0.249

0

1

0.203

 

no

48

44

 

36

67

 

59

14

 

Other people visited the farm

yes

6

2

0.141*

5

6

0.289

8

0

0.147*

 

no

43

46

 

32

67

 

51

15

 

Vehicle movements

          

Feed transport vehicles visited the farm

yes

7

4

0.355

26

14

<0.001*

33

8

0.857

 

no

42

44

 

11

59

 

26

7

 

Farmer transported feed with own vehicle

yes

26

22

0.477

3

22

0.009*

9

1

0.35

 

no

23

26

 

34

51

 

50

14

 

Carcass transport vehicles visited the farm

yes

1

0

0.505

12

2

<0.001*

3

1

0.604

 

no

48

48

 

25

71

 

56

14

 

Bedding transport vehicles visited the farm

yes

15

14

0.876

23

19

<0.001*

24

5

0.603

 

no

34

34

 

14

54

 

35

10

 

Farm management

          

Farm equipment was shared with other farms

yes

10

1

0.004*

4

2

0.097*

1

1

0.367

 

no

39

47

 

33

71

 

58

14

 

Manure was removed from the farm

yes

7

10

0.396

3

11

0.237

9

1

0.35

 

no

42

38

 

34

62

 

50

14

 

Farm location

          

Barn has physical barriers

yes

21

30

0.053*

26

49

0.738

30

12

0.042*

 

no

28

18

 

11

24

 

29

3

 

A forest surrounds the farm

yes

31

40

0.026*

25

57

0.232

34

12

0.111*

 

no

18

8

 

12

16

 

25

3

 

Housing located outside the farm

yes

5

2

0.226

19

10

<0.001*

23

5

0.687

 

no

44

46

 

18

63

 

36

10

 

Barns bordered by a road

yes

17

21

0.361

18

18

0.011*

33

4

0.043*

 

no

32

27

 

19

55

 

26

11

 
  1. * Variables included into a multivariable logistic regression model.